Beryllium

Berylium
A large ball made out of beryllium.
Symbol	Be
Number	4
Group, Period	2, 2
Mass number	9.012182
Category	Alkaline earth metal
Electronic properties
Electrons per shell	2, 2
Discovery information
Discoverer	Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Date discovered	1798
Location discovered	Berlin

Beryllium isotopes

Name	Be5	Be6	Be7	Be8	Be9	Be10	Be11	Be12	Be13	Be14	Be15	Be16
Mass	5.039	6.019	7.016	8.005	9.012	10.013	11.021	12.026	13.036	14.042	15.053	16.061
Protons	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
Neutrons	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Half-life	?	5 Zs	15 days	81.9 as	Billions of years	Millions of years	13 seconds	21 milliseconds	1 Zs	4.53 milliseconds	790 years	650 years
Chemical formula	Cf=$\ce{B10-He4+H1=He5=Be5}$	Cf=$\ce{Be6=Li6-H1=Li5+H1}$	Cf=$\ce{B10-He4-H1=He3=Be7 }$	Cf=$\ce{Li6+He4=B10-H2=Be8}$	Cf=$\ce{Ne20-B11=Be9}$	Cf=$\ce{Be8+H2+H1=Be11}$	Cf=$\ce{Na23-B10-H2=Be11}$	Cf=$\ce{Be9+He-H1=He3=Be12}$	Cf=$\ce{B10+He4-H1=Be13}$	Cf=$\ce{C12+H2=Be14}$	Cf=$\ce{C12+He4-H1=Be15}$	Cf=$\ce{N14+H2=Be16}$

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. Its stable isotope, ⁹Be, is a relatively rare element in the universe, usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Its "isotope" ⁸Be - which is too unstable to qualify as a nuclide - is present in macroscopic amounts (kg to tonnes) as an intermediate in the triple-alpha reaction which produces carbon. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-grey, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.

In structural applications, the combination of high flexural rigidity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and low density make beryllium metal a desirable aerospace material for aircraft components, missiles, spacecraft, and satellites. Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and components of particle detectors. The high thermal conductivities of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in thermal management applications. When added as an alloying element to aluminium, copper (notably the alloy beryllium copper), iron or nickel beryllium improves many physical properties. Tools made of beryllium copper alloys are strong and hard and do not create sparks when they strike a steel surface. Beryllium does not form oxides until it reaches very high temperatures.

The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis.

9-Period Periodic Table of Elements
1	1 H																																																																	2 He
2	3 Li	4 Be																																																																	5 B	6 C	7 N	8 O	9 F	10 Ne
3	11 Na	12 Mg																																																																	13 Al	14 Si	15 P	16 S	17 Cl	18 Ar
4	19 K	20 Ca																																																																	21 Sc	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 Mn	26 Fe	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 Zn	31 Ga	32 Ge	33 As	34 Se	35 Br	36 Kr
5	37 Rb	38 Sr																																																																	39 Y	40 Zr	41 Nb	42 Mo	43 Tc	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd	49 In	50 Sn	51 Sb	52 Te	53 I	54 Xe
6	55 Cs	56 Ba																																																					57 La	58 Ce	59 Pr	60 Nd	61 Pm	62 Sm	63 Eu	64 Gd	65 Tb	66 Dy	67 Ho	68 Er	69 Tm	70 Yb	71 Lu	72 Hf	73 Ta	74 W	75 Re	76 Os	77 Ir	78 Pt	79 Au	80 Hg	81 Tl	82 Pb	83 Bi	84 Po	85 At	86 Rn
7	87 Fr	88 Ra																																																					89 Ac	90 Th	91 Pa	92 U	93 Np	94 Pu	95 Am	96 Cm	97 Bk	98 Cf	99 Es	100 Fm	101 Md	102 No	103 Lr	104 Rf	105 Db	106 Sg	107 Bh	108 Hs	109 Mt	110 Ds	111 Rg	112 Cn	113 Nh	114 Fl	115 Mc	116 Lv	117 Ts	118 Og
8	119 Uue	120 Ubn																															121 Ubu	122 Ubb	123 Ubt	124 Ubq	125 Ubp	126 Ubh	127 Ubs	128 Ubo	129 Ube	130 Utn	131 Utu	132 Utb	133 Utt	134 Utq	135 Utp	136 Uth	137 Uts	138 Uto	139 Ute	140 Uqn	141 Uqu	142 Uqb	143 Uqt	144 Uqq	145 Uqp	146 Uqh	147 Uqs	148 Uqo	149 Uqe	150 Upn	151 Upu	152 Upb	153 Upt	154 Upq	155 Upp	156 Uph	157 Ups	158 Upo	159 Upe	160 Uhn	161 Uhu	162 Uhb	163 Uht	164 Uhq	165 Uhp	166 Uhh	167 Uhs	168 Uho	169 Uhe	170 Usn	171 Usu	172 Usb
9	173 Ust	174 Usq
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Superactinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Other nonmetal Halogen Noble gas predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted predicted